Russia — crypto regulation

Status: partial · Last reviewed 2026-11-05

Comprehensive crypto market law ('On Digital Currencies and Digital Rights', Federal Law 282-FZ), signed 4 Aug 2026, in force in stages. From 1 Sep 2026 it sets up investment trading through Bank of Russia-supervised intermediaries; non-qualified investors must pass a test and are capped at RUB 300,000 a year per intermediary. From 1 Jul 2027 only licensed intermediaries may organise crypto trading, residents may trade only through them, and banks must block payments to unauthorised platforms; further anti-fraud rules follow on 1 Sep 2027. Domestic crypto payments remain banned, except foreign-trade settlements, mining rewards and network fees. Mining has been legal since Nov 2024, and a bill criminalising unregistered mining passed first reading in May 2026. Digital ruble mass rollout began 1 Sep 2026 at the largest banks. Moscow Exchange plans BTC/ETH/USDT spot trading from 1 Dec 2026.

Legislation

• Federal Law No. 282-FZ — On Digital Currencies and Digital Rights (Bill 1194918-8) (2026)
• Bill 1193493-8 — Criminal Liability for Illegal Mining (Criminal Code Art. 171.6) (2026)
• Federal Law 259-FZ — On Digital Financial Assets & Digital Currency (2020)
• Federal Law 221-FZ — Crypto Mining Regulation (2024)
• Federal Law 222-FZ — AML Rules for Crypto Mining (2024)
• Federal Law 223-FZ — Experimental Regime for Crypto in Foreign Trade (2024)
• Bank of Russia Regulatory Concept — Crypto Exchange Framework (2025)